Manganese Oxide Nanoarchitectures for Broad-Spectrum Removal of Toxic Gases in Air-Filtration Applications

ABSTRACT

A high-surface-area, highly porous manganese oxide (MnOx) in the form of xerogel or aerogel monoliths or powders comprising a manganese oxide nanoarchitecture comprising an interior surface area &gt;200 m2 g−1, wherein the MnOx gel has a void structure comprising pores that are sized from 2-150 nm, and wherein the manganese oxide nanoarchitecture removes toxic gas from a toxic gas and air mixture at room temperature via an oxidative mechanism that converts the toxic gas to an innocuous adsorbed substance. These high-surface-area, ultraporous manganese oxide (MnOx) xerogels and aerogels exhibit outstanding filtration performance for multiple, chemically distinct toxic gases, including ammonia, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. These MnOx materials use multiple mechanisms for small molecule capture/catalysis including molecular sieving and oxidative decomposition, and function in a wide range of humidity conditions.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a non-provisional of, and claims priority to and the benefits of, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/383,938 filed on Dec. 19, 2016 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/276,348 filed on Jan. 8, 2016, the entireties of each are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

This disclosure concerns manganese oxide nanoarchitectures for broad-spectrum removal of toxic gases in air-filtration applications.

These sol-gel-derived manganese oxide (MnOx) nanoarchitectures exhibit broad-spectrum filtration activity at room temperature for multiple toxic industrial compounds (TICs) and chemical warfare agents (CWAs).

SUMMARY OF DISCLOSURE Description

These sol-gel-derived manganese oxide (MnOx) nanoarchitectures exhibit broad-spectrum filtration activity at room temperature for multiple toxic industrial compounds (TICs) and chemical warfare agents (CWAs).

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following description and drawings set forth certain illustrative implementations of the disclosure in detail, which are indicative of several exemplary ways in which the various principles of the disclosure may be carried out. The illustrated examples, however, are not exhaustive of the many possible embodiments of the disclosure. Other objects, advantages and novel features of the disclosure will be set forth in the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic showing synthesis of MnOx xerogels and aerogels.

FIG. 2 illustrates pore-size distribution plots derived from N₂-sorption isotherms for MnOx xerogels and aerogels.

FIG. 3 illustrates scanning electron micrographs of (a) Na—MnOx xerogel and (b) Na—MnOx aerogel; and transmission electron micrographs of (c) Na—MnOx xerogel and (d) Na—MnOx aerogel.

FIG. 4 illustrates powder X-ray diffraction scans for (a) Na—MnOx xerogel and (b) H-MnOx xerogel.

FIG. 5 is a schematic of an experimental set-up for dynamic-challenge microbreakthrough tests.

FIG. 6 illustrates Breakthrough curves for (a) NH₃; (b) SO₂; and (c) H₂S challenge, under both dry and 80% relative humidity conditions and examining Na—MnOx and H—MnOx xerogel sorbents.

FIG. 7 illustrates diffuse-reflectance Fourier-Transform infrared spectra for (a) Na—MnOx and (b) H—MnOx xerogels after exposure to NH₃ under both dry and 80% RH conditions.

FIG. 8 is an X-ray photoelectron spectrum in the N is region for Na—MnOx xerogel exposed to NH₃ under dry conditions.

FIG. 9 is an X-ray photoelectron spectrum in the S 2p region for Na—MnOx xerogel exposed to either SO₂ or H₂S under dry conditions.

FIG. 10 illustrates diffuse-reflectance Fourier Transform infrared spectra for (a) Na—MnOx and (b) H—MnOx xerogels after exposure to H₂S under both dry and 80% RH conditions.

FIG. 11 illustrates diffuse-reflectance Fourier Transform infrared spectra for Na—MnOx xerogels powder in its native form (-) and after exposure to vapor-phase DMMP (---). The position of the P═O stretching band (1260 cm⁻¹) indicates that DMMP is strongly bound to the MnOx surface.

FIG. 12 illustrates Breakthrough curves for NH₃ challenge of MnOx aerogel powders. Ammonia-sorption capacity for MnOx stored for 12 years is comparable to that for a freshly synthesized and tested MnOx powder (Tests performed in November 2011).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This disclosure concerns manganese oxide nanoarchitectures as broad-spectrum removal of toxic gases in air-filtration applications.

It has been demonstrated that our sol-gel-derived manganese oxide (MnOx) nanoarchitectures exhibit broad-spectrum filtration activity at room temperature for multiple toxic industrial compounds (TICs) and chemical warfare agents (CWAs).

Manganese oxides are synthesized via the reaction of NaMnO₄ and fumaric acid to form monolithic gels of disordered Na—MnOx, which can be further cation-exchanged by acid rinsing to form more crystalline H—MnOx compositions.

For both Na—MnOx and H—MnOx forms, controlled pore-fluid removal yields either densified, yet still mesoporous, xerogels or low-density aerogels, prepared by supercritical-CO₂ drying. Using dynamic-challenge microbreakthrough test protocols, we show that coarse-powder forms of these MnOx nanoarchitectures serve as highly effective filtration media for three chemically distinct TICs-NH₃, SO₂, and H₂S-chemicals that are classified in the “high hazard” category on the “TIC Hazard Index List” published by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

High filtration capacities are observed under both dry and wet (80% relative humidity, RH) atmosphere conditions.

These same MnOx materials also exhibit activity for the removal of sulfur-mustard agents and the CWA simulant, dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP)

Such manganese oxides offer multiple mechanisms for filtration/sorption of toxic agents—molecular sieving (for NH₃); chemisorption (for DMMP); and oxidative decomposition (for SO₂ and H₂S) to yield such innocuous byproducts as sulfate.

The ability to achieve high-capacity sorption and strong binding for multiple types of TICs and CWAs using a single sorbent material (MnOx in this case) will ultimately reduce the complexity, size, and cost of filtration technologies for such critical applications as respirators.

Manganese oxides (MnOx) comprise a large family of naturally occurring and synthetic materials that are of interest for applications ranging from electrochemical energy storage to catalysis. Many crystalline polymorphs of MnOx are constructed of MnO₆ octahedra that assemble into inherently microporous forms of either tunnel (e.g., hollandite) or layered (e.g., birnessite) structures, a characteristic that enables their use as molecule- and ion-sieving sorbents. Hollandite- and birnessite-type MnOx structures readily incorporate gas-phase NH₃ within their microporous structures to provide filtration activity for a TIC that is ordinarily difficult to capture due to its high vapor pressure.

In addition to physical capture, many forms of manganese oxides are catalytically active for oxidation reactions, enabled by facile interconversion of Mn oxidation state (e.g., between +3 and +4) and the rich defect chemistry that is available in nonstoichiometric MnOx compositions. For example, MnOx substrates effectively promote the oxidation of formaldehyde, another TIC for which abatement strategies are desired. More recent investigations have shown that some forms of MnOx adsorb/degrade certain chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and simulants such as sulfur mustard and 2-chloro-ethyl ethyl sulfide.

Materials designed for air filtration require not only reactive or sorptive functionality but also amplified surface areas that are readily accessible to the gas-phase agents of interest.

Here, such properties are achieved with MnOx materials synthesized via sol-gel chemistry and based on the reaction of aqueous permanganate with an organic reducing agent (e.g., fumaric acid) to form monolithic MnOx gels. Removal of the pore-filling fluid (e.g., H₂O) of the wet gel under ambient-pressure conditions yields moderately dense MnOx xerogels, while pore-fluid exchange and supercritical extraction with CO₂ produces low-density MnOx aerogels. Manganese oxide xerogels and aerogels possess through-connected networks of mesopores (in the case of xerogels) and/or small macropores (in the case of aerogels) that facilitate the long-range transport of gas-phase molecules to access the extensive interior surface areas (>200 m² g⁻¹) of these nanoarchitecture, even under high humidity conditions.

When combined with the sieving and/or catalytic activity of particular MnOx phases, these structural characteristics enhance performance in air-filtration applications.

EXAMPLE

MnOx gels were prepared via established sol-gel chemistry methods. FIG. 1 illustrates a preparation method.

A 1:3 mole ratio of fumaric acid was added to a filtered 0.18 M NaMnO₄ aqueous solution with stirring; this mixture was degassed under vacuum for 8 minutes to remove evolving CO₂.

The resulting MnOx sol was poured into polypropylene molds, and the tops of the molds sealed with Parafilm, followed by aging overnight.

The resulting MnOx gels were removed from the molds, and rinsed for 2 days in several aliquots of water.

For the purposes of this study, MnOx nanoarchitectures were prepared in four variations that include xerogel and aerogel forms of MnOx gels either processed with only H₂O rinsing (a composition designated hereafter as “Na—MnOx”) or rinsed in 1 M H₂SO₄ after initial synthesis to exchange Na⁺ for H⁺ (compositions noted as “H—MnOx”).

Following the rinsing steps, dry xerogels are prepared by ambient-pressure evaporation of H₂O from the wet gel; capillary forces that arise during drying result in significant densification (factor of ˜8-10) to produce durable monolithic pellets (Na—MnOx and H—MnOx xerogels are visibly indistinguishable at this point).

Aerogels are prepared by rinsing H₂O-filled gels with acetone for 2 days followed by CO₂ supercritical extraction (Polaron E3000 Series Critical Point Drying Apparatus). The resulting aerogels retain the approximate dimensions of the wet gel; as a consequence of minimal densification, MnOx aerogels, although monolithic, are relatively fragile when handled.

As demonstrated herein, the low-density aerogel architecture provides higher mass-normalized TIC-filtration capacities in some cases, but when normalized to volume occupied by the powdered sorbent, the densified xerogel forms will provide better and superior performance. The ambient-pressure drying process for xerogels is also more economically attractive for large-scale production.

These MnOx nanoarchitectures are distinctive in that specific surface area for xerogels is comparable to those for the supercritically dried aerogels, whereas with other sol-gel-derived metal oxides, the capillary forces that arise during ambient-pressure drying to form xerogels results in coalescence of the networked oxide particles and loss of surface area.

For example, MnOx xerogels and aerogels studied herein have comparable specific surface areas in the 240-290 m² g⁻¹ range, as determined by N₂-sorption analysis. Pore-size distribution plots derived from N₂-sorption isotherms show the distinctions in pore—solid architecture—xerogels have their void volume expressed within a narrow 2-15 nm size range, whereas the pores in the aerogels span 10-80 nm in size (FIG. 2).

Cumulative pore volumes for aerogels are ˜4-5 times greater than for xerogels (Table 1), evidence of the degree of pore collapse that occurs during ambient-pressure drying to form the xerogel. Despite this densification, the Na—MnOx and H—MnOx xerogels have pore volumes of 0.34 and 0.50 cm³ g⁻¹, respectively; such values are comparable to those of activated carbon-based sorbents.

TABLE 1 Summary of results from N₂-physisorption measurements. Cumulative Specific surface pore volume Mean pore area (m² g⁻¹) (cm³ g⁻¹) size (nm) Na—MnOx xerogel 263 0.34 5.3 H—MnOx xerogel 289 0.50 6.1 Na—MnOx aerogel 264 1.9 28 H—MnOx aerogel 246 2.4 40

Scanning electron microscopy confirms the 3D-porous nature of these MnOx materials. While the aerogels exhibit the most open architectures (FIG. 3b ), even the xerogels, which experience significant densification and pore collapse during drying, retain a sponge-like structure with void sizes up to ˜20 nm (FIG. 3a ).

The solid MnOx domains comprise filament- or needle-like particle morphologies, as commonly observed with sol-gel derived MnOx. The networked nanoscale morphology of MnOx xerogels and aerogels is best shown by TEM (FIGS. 3c and 3d ). The Na—MnOx xerogels are relatively ill-defined, whereas lattice fringes are more clearly observed in micrographs for the H—MnOx form, and the Na—MnOx and H—MnOx aerogels. The TEM images show oblong particles that are approximately 3-5 nm by 25-40 nm. It is suggested that the needle-like morphology of the MnOx domains, when expressed in 3-D networked architectures, prevents complete collapse of the initial pore structure of the wet MnOx gel that might otherwise occur due to the strong capillary forces that develop during ambient-pressure drying to form the xerogel.

X-ray diffraction (FIG. 4) confirms that the Na—MnOx forms are poorly crystalline, with only two broad peaks at 38 and 66° 2-theta; the lack of crystallinity is not unexpected for sol-gel-derived materials that have not been thermally treated.

Acid-rinsing of the wet MnOx gel to form H—MnOx ultimately generates a modestly more crystalline material upon drying. The H—MnOx form exhibits multiple broad diffraction peaks in the diffraction scan that index most closely to vernadite (δ-MnO₂), a turbostratic relative of the layered birnessite-MnOx structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms that these oxides exist in mixed-valent Mn^(3+/4+) forms, with an average oxidation state of 3.4 for Na—MnOx and 3.5 for H—MnOx. This characteristic is critical for promoting oxidative-decomposition mechanisms.

Breakthrough testing was conducted on MnOx aerogel and xerogel powders using a microbreakthrough setup that has been described previously (FIG. 5). Briefly, each chemical (TIC) was sampled via syringe from a neat cylinder, and delivered to a steel ballast, which was then pressurized to approximately 15 psig. A stream from this ballast was delivered via mass flow controller and mixed with a humidity-controlled stream at rates necessary to achieve the appropriate challenge concentration (2,000 mg/m³ for NH₃, 1,000 mg/m³ for H₂S and SO₂). The mixed stream was delivered at a total flow rate of 20 ml/min to a glass-fritted tube submerged in a temperature controlled bath at 20° C. Within the 4 mm ID tube, xerogels and aerogels were packed to a bed depth of approximately 4 mm, resulting in a residence time of approximately 0.15 s. Breakthrough was measured on the effluent side of the bed using HP5890 Series II gas chromatographs, one equipped with a photoionization detector for NH₃, and the other a flame photometric detector for H₂S and SO₂. Sorption capacities for NH₃, SO₂, and H₂S under dry and humid conditions, and for each of the four MnOx materials examined is are summarized in Table 2. Corresponding breakthrough curves are shown in FIG. 6.

TABLE 2 Summary of TIC sorption capacities from microbreakthrough tests. NH₃ capacity SO₂ capacity H₂S capacity Dry 80% RH Dry 80% RH Dry 80% RH Na—MnOx 1.9 mol kg⁻¹ 1.0 mol kg⁻¹ 1.0 mol kg⁻¹ 3.5 mol kg⁻¹ 1.7 mol kg⁻¹ 9.9 mol kg⁻¹ xerogel (32 mg g⁻¹) (17 mg g⁻¹) (64 mg g⁻¹) (220 mg g⁻¹) (58 mg g⁻¹) (340 mg g⁻¹) H—MnOx 2.0 mol kg⁻¹ 2.0 mol kg⁻¹ 0.6 mol kg⁻¹ 2.4 mol kg⁻¹ 0.3 mol kg⁻¹ 0.5 mol kg⁻¹ xerogel (34 mg g⁻¹) (34 mg g⁻¹) (38 mg g⁻¹) (150 mg g⁻¹) (10 mg g⁻¹)  (17 mg g⁻¹) Na—MnOx 4.8 mol kg⁻¹ 2.3 mol kg⁻¹ 0.9 mol kg⁻¹ 3.1 mol kg⁻¹ 2.7 mol kg⁻¹ 20 mol kg⁻¹ aerogel (82 mg g⁻¹) (39 mg g⁻¹) (58 mg g⁻¹) (200 mg g⁻¹) (92 mg g⁻¹) (680 mg g⁻¹) H—MnOx 2.6 mol kg⁻¹ 1.2 mol kg⁻¹ 0.6 mol kg⁻¹ 2.7 mol kg⁻¹ 0.4 mol kg⁻¹ 0.5 mol kg⁻¹ aerogel (44 mg g⁻¹) (20 mg g⁻¹) (38 mg g⁻¹) (170 mg g⁻¹) (14 mg g⁻¹)  (17 mg g⁻¹)

Using room-temperature dynamic-challenge test conditions, these MnOx xerogels and aerogels exhibit NH₃-sorption capacities ranging from 1.0-4.8 mol kg⁻¹, achieved via a combination of physisorption and chemisorption/sieving mechanisms. Ammonia sorption under 80% relative humidity (RH) was generally lower, potentially due to competition between NH₃ and H₂O for sorption sites, but capacity is still competitive even under these wet conditions. For comparison, Wang et al. used equilibrium adsorption measurements at 298 K (nominally dry conditions) to measure “static irreversible” NH₃ capacities of 1.27 and 0.59 mol kg⁻¹ for H-hollandite and K-hollandite MnOx, respectively. Observed here is some NH₃ desorption after feed termination for the MnOx sorbents, indicating that at least a portion the NH₃ is weakly physisorbed. Yet, post-breakthrough characterization of NH₃-exposed MnOx using diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicates that a significant fraction of NH₃, and its protonated form, NH₄ ⁺, are strongly retained within the MnOx structure (FIG. 7,8).

The MnOx xerogel and aerogel nanoarchitectures also show significant activity for SO₂ removal at room temperature via oxidative mechanisms that convert this TIC to innocuous adsorbed sulfate, SO₄ ²⁻ (see XPS in FIG. 9). Sorption capacities range from 0.6 mol kg⁻¹ for the H—MnOx gels under dry conditions to a high of 3.5 mol kg⁻¹ for the Na—MnOx xerogel under humid conditions (FIG. 6b and Table 2), and after feed termination no elution of SO₂ is observed, indicating strong retention/conversion. In all cases, Na—MnOx compositions exhibit higher SO₂ capacities, a trend that may be due to the lower average Mn oxidation state of that form.

Capacities obtained at 80% RH are significantly greater than for dry conditions, in agreement with previous reports. For comparison, Yi-Fan et al. reported SO₂-sorption capacities as high as 1.5 mol kg⁻¹ for MnOx-containing activated carbons when studied by dynamic breakthrough protocols under humid conditions and with the sorbent bed maintained at 80° C. Manganese oxides have long been used to remove SO₂ from flue gas streams, but in such cases the MnOx sorbent/catalyst bed is typically operated at high temperatures (>200° C.). Our work demonstrates that nanostructured, mixed-valent MnOx are active for SO₂ oxidation/decomposition at room temperature. Post-exposure analysis shows that SO₂ is converted to adsorbed SO₄ ²⁻ concomitant with an increase in the average Mn oxidation state.

Typical breakthrough curves for dynamic H₂S challenge are shown in FIG. 6c . Similar to our results for SO₂, effluent concentration immediately drops to the baseline after H₂S feed termination, indicating strong retention or conversion of H₂S to a nonvolatile product. Filtration of H₂S is more sensitive to the particular form of MnOx sorbent. Whereas the H—MnOx compositions show very little H₂S removal, Na—MnOx forms of both the aerogel and xerogel show outstanding reactivity, especially under humid conditions. The Na—MnOx xerogel exhibits capacities of 1.7 and 9.9 mol kg⁻¹ (58 and 340 mg g⁻¹) under dry and humid conditions, respectively, while the aerogel approximately doubles the removal capacity, with loadings of 2.7 and 20 mol kg⁻¹ (92 and 680 mg g⁻¹, respectively) under the same conditions.

Analysis of H₂S-exposed MnOx confirms that Hydrogen sulfide undergoes similar oxidative-decomposition mechanisms at MnOx to that observed with SO₂, yielding both sulfate and adsorbed sulfur/polysulfide byproducts, as determined by XPS (FIG. 9) and DRIFTS (FIG. 10). As part of the H₂S-decomposition process some of the mixed valent MnOx is converted to MnOOH (see FIG. 10), concomitant with a decrease in average Mn oxidation state to 3.1. The through-connected pore structure and high total pore volume of these MnOx xerogels and aerogels readily accommodate the formation of solid byproducts of H₂S decomposition, leading to high capacities. A general reaction scheme for the reactivity of Mn^(IV)O₂ with H₂S is shown below.

2Mn^(IV)O₂(s)+H₂S(g)→2Mn^(III)OOH(s)+S(s)

Prior formulations of manganese oxides have been successfully used for H₂S removal at high temperatures, but were generally less effective at room temperature and with loadings that do not approach those seen with the MnOx xerogels and aerogels. Recently, Peterson and co-workers examined broad-spectrum carbon, an excellent material for acidic, basic, and oxidizable gases, tested with the same microbreakthrough apparatus used herein reporting breakthrough capacity of approximately 8 and 3 mol kg⁻¹ for H₂S under dry and humid conditions, respectively, a dry-vs.-wet trend that is opposite of that seen with the MnOx materials, even though both materials remove H₂S via oxidation. Whereas water absorption under wet conditions may block active sites on the carbon sorbent, water actually acts synergistically to enhance the H₂S removal mechanism within the MnOx xerogels and aerogel materials. Further, the mesoporous/macroporous structure of these xerogels and aerogel architectures should minimize pore occlusion by capillary condensation of H₂O, which is often an issue with microporous sorbents.

Having demonstrated high filtration activity for multiple TICs, we also investigated the sorption/capture of two CWA agents/simulants using these same MnOx nanoarchitectures. Dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP) is a common simulant for sarin and related nerve gases. We exposed Na—MnOx xerogels to vapor-phase DMMP at room temperature, followed by venting the DMMP-exposed Na—MnOx to remove any weakly bound DMMP. Analysis of the resulting Na—MnOx xerogels by DRIFTS confirms that DMMP is present on the MnOx sorbent at significant quantities. Although DMMP does not undergo chemical decomposition, the position of the P═O vibrational band indicates that DMMP is strongly adsorbed to the MnOx surface (FIG. 11). In another series of experiments, sulfur mustard (HD) was applied to MnOx sorbents at 5 wt. % agent loading, followed by extraction after 60 min. The Na—MnOx and H—MnOx xerogels showed 36% and 47% HD removal, respectively, values that surpass those of many other common filtration materials.

The MnOx xerogels and aerogels described herein provide highly effective filtration performance against a broad range of TICs and CWAs, all in a single sorbent material.

Achieving such broad-spectrum protection often requires the use of multiple distinct sorbents, or chemically complex composites, such as metal- and organic-doped carbons.

The mesoporous/macroporous structures inherent to MnOx xerogels and aerogels support rapid flux of gas/vapor-phase agents to active sites within the materials, while also minimizing flooding/occlusion under high-humidity conditions. In addition to capture by sieving (for NH₃) and chemisorption (for DMMP), the ability of mixed-valent Mn³⁺⁴⁺-oxide compositions to readily undergo Mn oxidation state changes, either positively or negatively, facilitates redox reactions at the MnOx surface that promote oxidative decomposition (e.g., for SO₂ and H₂S). The nanoscale nature of these MnOx materials enables reactivity at room temperature, whereas prior examples of MnOx sorbents/catalysts were operated at elevated temperatures. We have also demonstrated that MnOx nanoarchitectures exhibit excellent shelf-life, with filtration performance unaffected even after more than a decade of storage (see FIG. 12). Xerogel forms of MnOx offer the added benefits of mechanically rugged structures, as well as superior volume-normalized performance when used in a powder-bed filter configuration.

Various other porous materials are used for the removal and reaction of toxic chemicals. Activated carbons are typically impregnated with metal salts to react with acidic and basic gases; however, deleterious effects are often seen due to neutralization over time. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been developed to remove compounds such as ammonia and sulfur dioxide, but only a very small subset, mainly M-MOF-74 analogs, exhibit broad spectrum removal capabilities. The MOF HKUST-1 is able to remove ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, but not sulfur dioxide. Like activated carbon, however, these examples also have limitations due to stability to ambient environments. Metal oxides other than oxides of manganese, such as zirconium hydroxide, zinc oxide, and alumina, have been developed in the past to remove toxic chemicals, yet these examples typically target specific groups of chemicals (e.g., acidic compounds), and not a broad range of chemistries. Similarly, metal oxides such as zirconium hydroxide, titania, alumina, and others have been investigated for reaction with chemical warfare agents; yet none of these compounds has shown the same ability to react with mustard.

The above examples are merely illustrative of several possible embodiments of various aspects of the present disclosure, wherein equivalent alterations and/or modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon reading and understanding this specification and the annexed drawings. In addition, although a particular feature of the disclosure may have been illustrated and/or described with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Also, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in the detailed description and/or in the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising”. 

What we claim is:
 1. A high-surface-area, highly porous manganese oxide (MnOx) in the form of xerogel or aerogel monoliths or powders comprising: a manganese oxide nanoarchitecture comprising an interior surface area >200 m² g⁻¹; wherein the MnOx gel has a void structure comprising pores that are sized from 2-150 nm; wherein the manganese oxide nanoarchitecture removes toxic gas from a toxic gas and air mixture at room temperature via an oxidative mechanism that converts the toxic gas to an innocuous adsorbed substance; and wherein the manganese oxide nanoarchitecture removes ammonia from a contacting gas mixture at sorption capacities >1.0 mol NH₃ kg⁻¹ MnOx for H—MnOx compositions and >1.5 mol NH₃ kg⁻¹ MnOx for Na—MnOx compositions under dry conditions.
 2. The high-surface-area, highly porous manganese oxide (MnOx) in the form of xerogel or aerogel monoliths or powders of claim 1 wherein the manganese oxide nanoarchitecture removes sulfur dioxide from a contacting gas mixture at sorption capacities >2 mol SO₂ kg⁻¹ MnOx for H—MnOx compositions and >3 mol SO₂ kg⁻¹ MnOx for Na—MnOx compositions under wet conditions or wherein the humidity is about 80% relative humidity.
 3. The high-surface-area, highly porous manganese oxide (MnOx) in the form of xerogel or aerogel monoliths or powders of claim 1 wherein the manganese oxide nanoarchitecture removes hydrogen sulfide from a contacting gas mixture at sorption capacities >0.3 mol H₂S kg⁻¹ MnOx for H—MnOx compositions and >1.5 mol H₂S kg⁻¹ MnOx for Na—MnOx compositions under dry conditions or under wet conditions or wherein the humidity is about 80% relative humidity.
 4. The high-surface-area, highly porous manganese oxide (MnOx) in the form of xerogel or aerogel monoliths or powders of claim 1 wherein the manganese oxide nanoarchitecture removes >35% of HD mustard agent from a liquid-phase application.
 5. The high-surface-area, highly porous manganese oxide (MnOx) in the form of xerogel or aerogel monoliths or powders of claim 1 wherein the MnOx gel has an average manganese oxidation state between +3 and +4.
 6. A high-surface-area, highly porous manganese oxide (MnOx) in the form of xerogel or aerogel monoliths or powders for filtering toxic gases made from the steps of: adding fumaric acid to an aqueous solution of NaMnO₄ in a 1:3 mole ratio to form a fluid-filled porous gel of MnOx in which the oxide domains also contain Na⁺ and thereby form Na—MnOx; rinsing the Na—MnOx gel with an acid solution to protonate the oxide and form H—MnOx and remove Na⁺; and rinsing the gel in water to remove residual acid; drying the fluid-filled porous gel under ambient-pressure conditions to generate a densified xerogel MnOx material; wherein the manganese oxide nanoarchitecture has an interior surface area >200 m² g⁻¹; wherein the MnOx gel has a void structure comprising pores that are sized from 2-150 nm; exchanging the fluid in the pores of the fluid-filled porous gel for CO₂; and removing said CO₂ under supercritical conditions to render a dry, low-density MnOx aerogel; wherein the low-density MnOx aerogel with a manganese oxide nanoarchitecture is exposed to a toxic gas and air mixture; wherein the toxic gas is removed from a toxic gas and air mixture at room temperature via an oxidative mechanism that converts the toxic gas to an innocuous adsorbed substance; and wherein the low-density MnOx aerogel with a manganese oxide nanoarchitecture removes ammonia from a contacting gas mixture at sorption capacities >1.0 mol NH₃ kg⁻¹ MnOx for H—MnOx compositions and >1.5 mol NH₃ kg⁻¹ MnOx for Na—MnOx compositions under dry conditions.
 7. The high-surface-area, highly porous manganese oxide (MnOx) in the form of xerogel or aerogel monoliths or powders for filtering toxic gases of claim 6 wherein the low-density MnOx aerogel with a manganese oxide nanoarchitecture removes sulfur dioxide from a contacting gas mixture at sorption capacities >2 mol SO₂ kg⁻¹ MnOx for H—MnOx compositions and >3 mol SO₂ kg⁻¹ MnOx for Na—MnOx compositions under wet conditions or wherein the humidity is about 80% relative humidity.
 8. The high-surface-area, highly porous manganese oxide (MnOx) in the form of xerogel or aerogel monoliths or powders for filtering toxic gases of claim 6 wherein the low-density MnOx aerogel with a manganese oxide nanoarchitecture removes hydrogen sulfide from a contacting gas mixture at sorption capacities >0.3 mol H₂S kg⁻¹ MnOx for H—MnOx compositions and >1.5 mol H₂S kg⁻¹ MnOx for Na—MnOx compositions under dry conditions or under wet conditions or wherein the humidity is about 80% relative humidity.
 9. The high-surface-area, highly porous manganese oxide (MnOx) in the form of xerogel or aerogel monoliths or powders for filtering toxic gases of claim 6 wherein the low-density MnOx aerogel with a manganese oxide nanoarchitecture removes >35% of HD mustard agent from a liquid-phase application.
 10. The high-surface-area, highly porous manganese oxide (MnOx) in the form of xerogel or aerogel monoliths or powders for filtering toxic gases of claim 6 wherein the MnOx gel has an average manganese oxidation state between +3 and +4. 